Surgical treatment of the adrenal glands is also part of urology. Urology deals with both adult and pediatric patients. Among the diseases encountered in urology practice: urinary tract obstruction, enlarged prostate, impotence, infertility, urinary incontinence, kidney and urinary tract stones; kidney, bladder, prostate and (testicular) ovarian cancers have an important place. Other common diseases treated by urologists include urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases and injuries to the urological organs.

Urology is also interested in some congenital diseases, especially in boys. These include undescended testicles (the egg does not descend into the bladder), inguinal hernia, hydrocele (water sac in the bladder), misplaced urine hole (hypospadias and epispadias). Bedwetting at night, backflow of urine from the bladder to the kidney, all diseases of the foreskin and circumcision operations are also included in the field of urology. In addition to open surgical operations, urology also performs closed surgeries based on modern technological methods such as endoscopy and laparoscopy.